The RER also makes phospholipids for cellular membranes.
These modified proteins will be incorporated into cellular membranes-the membrane of the ER or those of other organelles -or secreted from the cell (such as protein hormones, enzymes). Ribosomes then transfer the newly synthesized proteins into the lumen of the RER where they undergo structural modifications, such as folding or the acquisition of side chains. The mRNAs for these proteins contain a specific signal sequence that directs them to dock onto the ribosomes on the RER. Proteins that will leave the cell (transmembrane, nuclear and secreted, mainly) require specific modifications that occur in the RER. The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is so named because the ribosomes attached to its cytoplasmic surface give it a studded appearance when viewed through an electron microscope. The membrane of the ER, which is a phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins, is continuous with the nuclear envelope. The hollow portion of the ER tubules is called the lumen. However, these two functions are performed in separate areas of the ER: the rough ER and the smooth ER.
#ER LUMEN LOCATION SERIES#
All that’s left to wonder is how many more lives she’ll lift in the process.The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a series of interconnected membranous sacs and tubules that collectively modifies proteins and synthesizes lipids. 1 debut single, “Shake It Off,” she’s ready to blaze into the next phase of her still-young career, where she’ll continue to dance like no one’s watching, write like she stole our collective diary, and inevitably soar to ever-greater heights. She calls 1989 her most sonically cohesive collection, and armed with a multiple-week international No. She’s the first artist since the Beatles (and the only female artist in history) to log six or more weeks at #1 with three consecutive studio albums, and while she’s been named one of Time magazine’s 100 Most Influential People in the World, she’s probably the only person on that list who uses social media to post notes to her best friends and videos of her cats.Īs Billboard’s only artist to receive this nod twice and youngest-ever Woman of the Year prepares to release her fifth album, 1989, she finds herself, as always, in the glare of a blinding spotlight of expectation – but if you think that scares her, you haven’t been paying attention. Granted, for Taylor, “being herself” tends towards shimmering, gossamer perfection – but that’s an image regularly blown whenever she dons fake braces and a tri-pony to clown around on late night TV. She is awkwardly honest and powerfully empathetic a brazen superfan, loyal friend, fierce protector of hearts and one of the world’s greatest ambassadors for the power of just being yourself. Her large-scale charitable contributions are one thing, but it’s in the small gestures – the notes of compassion she posts on the Instagram photos of lovelorn fans, the genuine hugs she distributes without discretion – where Swift proves time and time again that platinum-selling, record-setting success has not changed her inherent nature. After all, it’s the intangibles that elevate Swift into the stratosphere of our pop culture planet, allowing the 24-year old singer-songwriter to orbit in a more rarified air. She’s a household name whose insanely catchy yet deeply personal self-penned songs transcend music genres, and a savvy businesswoman who has built a childhood dream into an empire.īut the numbers don’t tell Taylor's story half as well as she could. She is the only female artist in music history (and just the fourth artist ever) to twice have an album hit the 1 million first-week sales figure (2010’s Speak Now and 2012’s RED). Taylor Swift is a seven-time GRAMMY winner, and the youngest recipient in history of the music industry’s highest honor, the GRAMMY Award for Album of the Year. She is, quite simply, a global superstar.
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